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Buying a car brings on the stress no matter how you slice it -- especially if you wind up slicing a lemon.

From betting on a good price for your old car and scrimping dough for the down payment to picking out the make and model that best fits your family and lifestyle, you've got a lot to think about ... and a lot to watch out for. That "great price" you're getting for your old car may be nullified by inflated costs on the new one, or draconian loan terms, one of the sleaziest car-sales tactics in the book.
Indeed, consumer advocates say Americans often let their guard down too early and get taken for a ride when it comes to their car loan. Not ready to get the raw end of the deal? Read on to find out what you need to know to protect yourself from landing in a bad loan pothole.

Chris Kukla, senior counsel for government affairs at the Center for Responsible Lending, stresses that dealerships don't just make money on the car itself. "The dealer's going to try to sell you on a whole other host of products. The finance office is responsible for about 50% of dealer profits," Kukla says, so don't let your guard down when you sit down to sign the contract.

"They sell credit insurance, extended warranties, vehicle service contracts, security systems, tire and wheel protection and gap coverage," Kukla explains. "If you finance through the dealer, you're going to have to face that gauntlet."

These ancillary products are always pitched as ways to "protect" your new investment; dealerships bank on the fact that customers will feel so mentally worn out from the buying process that they'll think, "Gee, that sounds like a smart move." In reality, says Kukla, it's only a smart move for them.

Though recent legislation has cracked down on sneaky lending practices when it comes to mortgage loans and credit cards, auto dealers banded together and lobbied Congress for exemption from the new rules -- selling Washington on the idea as only car salesmen can.

"It's particularly unfortunate that the auto dealers were exempted," says Steve Verdier, executive vice president and director of congressional affairs at the Independent Community Bankers of America, who calls this a "Wild West" situation. "There really was no substantive justification for that at all from a consumer standpoint," he says. Patrick Keefe, spokesman for Credit Union National Association, confirmed to WalletPop that it's a buyer-beware market out there when it comes to car loans.

As a result, auto financing takes place without a lot of the oversight many Americans just assume is part of any financial transaction. Dealerships can -- and do -- mark up the rates they get from banks, and get to pocket the difference between the bank's rate and what you pay. "Car dealers can increase your rate, and they're under no obligation to tell you the markup exists," warns Kukla. Your best bet, he says, is to shop around so you know what the current rates are, then get approved for a loan on your own.

In my recent experience, that's exactly how things played out. My husband and I were looking for a new car, and the one we'd picked out didn't have any special financing incentives, so we did plenty of legwork to make sure we got the best rate we could find. Although the dealership assured us we could finance through them and get the same rates as by shopping around, we shopped around anyway, calling or visiting a handful of local bank and credit union branches in the two weeks leading up to the day when we decided to get the car. (We didn't share this schedule with the dealership, though, since we still wanted to haggle and didn't want to tip our hand too early.) We secured what we thought was a very good rate, lower than anything else we'd seen, at a credit union near our home.

We'd also figured out how much we wanted to pay for the car and how much we'd need to finance -- so we had a good sense of how much we'd need to borrow when we met with the loan officer at the credit union. After we got approved, we went back to the dealership and hammered out the purchase price of the car. Then the salesman ushered us into the financing office. Sure enough, we were subject to sales pitches for obscure kinds of insurance, extended warranties and applications of rust inhibitors and the like.

I switched my brain onto autopilot and said "no" numerous times. Then the finance guy (maybe I should refer to him as a salesman, too) ran our credit and came back with a handful of APRs, but the credit union one we'd found was nearly two percentage points lower, including the quarter-point discount we got by agreeing to have the payment taken out of our credit union savings account each month.

Two percentage points on the price of a new car adds up to a significant chunk of change over the life of the loan, and we were very glad we hadn't just taken what the dealership offered. We were lucky in that both of our credit scores were pretty good, so we had access to traditional financing. According to Kukla, Americans who don't have access to these channels and are forced to go through the dealer if they want to finance a vehicle are much more vulnerable to being victimized.

Kukla says one of the most common scams is what's referred to as "yo-yo financing."

What happens here is a dealer will give you the car to take home, assure you verbally that you'll get a particular interest rate but claim they need a day or two to finalize that rate. The contract will have a blank spot by the interest rate or use the word "conditional." A day or two later, the dealership calls the customer back and tells them they need to come into the dealership. Then they tell the customer that they can't get the promised financing and they have to pay a much higher interest rate if they want to keep the vehicle. Many people feel intimidated and trapped by this, so they agree to the higher rate.

Our experts all say: Never take a vehicle based on an incomplete or conditional contract.

Kathleen Keest, senior policy counsel at the Center for Responsible Lending and a former staffer with the Iowa Attorney General, says cars on the lot without prices signal another red flag. Keest says some shady dealers will suss out, through careful questioning, how much money you have and make that the starting point for negotiations. "The choice is based on your money capacity, not your car needs," she says. Often, she adds, dealers will use sneaky, even illegal tricks to pull your credit before you even start talking price. Knowing your financial situation gives them a leg up. If, for instance, they see you have blemished credit, they may feel bold enough to stick you with a higher interest rate if they believe you can't get financing at a bank or credit union.

To find out more about those tricks -- and how to avoid them -- WalletPop spoke with Thomas Domonoske, a lawyer with the Legal Aid Justice Center in Charlottesville, Va. First of all, Domonoske says, don't sign anything until you're ready to negotiate terms. Even if the dealer says a form is purely informational or will be used to enter you into a contest, there could be fine print in there that authorizes them to pull your credit report. Keep the conversation focused on the price of the vehicle, and don't talk about financing until after you've nailed down how much you're going to pay for it.

Also, while credit reporting agencies ideally like to have your name, address and Social Security number to provide a report, dealerships don't need all that info to get a tentative picture of your finances. "If they ask to see your driver's license, you've given them enough information," warns Domonoske. If you want to test-drive the vehicle, do so after you've hashed out the price. (After all, car dealers know that if you become emotionally attached to a vehicle, even in the slightest, you negotiate from a weaker hand.)

"The best way to buy a car is to negotiate one number and one number only," Domonoske advises. "How many dollars do I have to give you to drive the car off the lot?" If all you talk about is the price of the car, the dealer will have no way to illegally access your credit. Finally, Domonoske says, "Don't answer [if they ask you] 'How much can you afford?' That has nothing to do with how much the car dealer is willing to sell that car for."

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Millions of homeowners have garnered huge savings in recent years from one simple move: refinancing their mortgages. Now, the refinancing craze has spread to an unexpected industry: car loans.

Plunging interest rates have been bad news for savers, but borrowers couldn't be happier. Mortgage rates have dropped around 3 percentage points from their levels just four years ago. That has translated into hundreds or even thousands of dollars in monthly savings on mortgages.

But the idea of refinancing a car loan never even occurs to many borrowers. After all, with many owners choosing to buy new vehicles even before their loans are paid off, it's often easier just to take advantage of financing deals from new-car dealers. Moreover, cars typically lose their value so quickly that the loans turn upside down -- meaning that the outstanding loan is more than the car is worth, making refinancing a tough proposition.

Still, the practice is growing in popularity. A recent SmartMoney article cited figures that showed auto refinancing applications have risen by about 30% from year-ago levels. Even a modest drop in interest rate can create real savings, and unlike mortgage refinancing, the costs of getting a car loan refinanced are low. That lets borrowers reach the breakeven point on a refinance easily.

Should You Do It?

If you have a car loan with a fairly high interest rate, you have nothing to lose by attempting take advantage of low rates by refinancing. Doing so could cut your monthly payment significantly.

But beware of catches and gimmicks. If you try to refinance through a dealer, don't fall for sales pitches trying to sell you unrelated products like warranty protection. Instead, emphasize your value to the dealer, not just with this transaction but with the promise of future business. That way, you'll hopefully get the best deal you possibly can.

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After two years of relative frugality caused by the financial crisis, Americans are again borrowing in a big way. Credit card debt is spiraling upwards, car loans are fueling big sales in Detroit and even stock market investors are loading up on debt.

A series of data releases about consumer borrowing this week paints a picture of an economy that's rebounding smartly from its earlier doldrums. But have consumers learned any lessons about loading up on the red ink?

According to the Federal Reserve, outstanding consumer revolving debt, which is mainly credit cards, increased from $807.2 billion in November to $826.6 billion in December, a 2.5% increase in a single month. Outstanding nonrevolving debt, such as auto loans, rose from $1.608 trillion in November to $1.611 trillion in December. Automakers have reported a sharp increase in sales in the fourth quarter, with Detroit taking the lion's share of the jump.

The New York Stock Exchange released data showing that margin credit -- money investors borrow to buy shares -- increased to $276 billion in December, up from $233 billion at the start of the year. That reflects a sharply higher stock market but also an increased appetite for borrowing.

Combined, the two reports raise a key question: Is America releverging?

"Not Grounded in Reality"

The increase in monthly credit card outstanding balances was the first reported rise in 27 months. But Odysseas Papadimitriou, CEO of Evolution Finance, which publishes a credit card comparison site called cardhub.com, says the Fed's figures may significantly underestimate the actual increase in borrowing.

That's because the Fed include charge-offs of credit card debt that consumers can't pay. Assuming charge-offs were around $5 billion in December, Papadimitriou says outstanding debt may have grown by $25 billion instead of $19.6 billion, 20% more than the Fed reported.

"There is a segment of the population whose expectations are not grounded in reality," Papadimitriou says. "They think their spending can go back to pre-recession levels, when in fact the housing bubble was responsible for allowing them to have that level of spending."

Nonetheless, Adam Levin, chairman of credit-counseling website credit.com says he has detected a new sense of frugality among consumers.

In a poll credit.com conducted last month, when asked how they intended to deal with their holiday debt, 60% of respondents said they are planning to pay the debt in full, 13% said they would carry a credit card balance and 26% said they came out of the holidays with no debt. Last year, only 45% said they intended to pay off their debt in full.

"A New Sense of Frugality"

"People were feeling better and spent, but they were a bit more frugal," Levin says. "That could be because they were forced to banks shut down a lot of accounts and raised credit limits because they are fearful of what may be an uncertain economy or because there is a new sense of frugality basically branded into us, based on what we have lived through in the past few years."

Levin says credit card solicitations were much higher this year than last year, but they were mainly aimed at consumers with high credit scores.

However, another Fed survey does show a loosening of credit, saying "banks again reported an increased willingness to make consumer installment loans, and a small net fraction of respondents reported easing standards for approving consumer credit card applications."

While consumer spending is great for the economy, is increased borrowing good for the consumer? It is -- if it's done prudently, within one's income limits. But it will lead to only more trouble if new borrowings are being used to fund purchases that can't be easily paid off.

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Grandma and Gramps are not doing well. In fact, the state of finances for the elderly is a shambles.

Let's start with falling home prices. The AARP found that between 2007 and 2011, "3.5 million loans held by people age 50 or older were underwater, 600,000 were in foreclosure, and another 625,000 were 90 or more days delinquent." And that doesn't include the 1.5 million seniors who lost their homes during that period.
Surprisingly, another source of distress for seniors is student loans. A shocking 2.2 million Americans age 60 or older have student loan debt, with an average balance of $19,521, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

When the going got tough, Grandma and Grandpa did what those of any age do -- turned to credit cards. But in their case, credit card debt has been a major factor in driving them to declare bankruptcy. Between 1991 and 2007, the number of people ages 65 to 74 seeking bankruptcy rose 178 percent. Even worse, among those 75 and older, the number seeking bankruptcy was up 567 percent!

In a paper analyzing the data from a Consumer Bankruptcy Project, law professor John Pottow writes that "the median elder debtor in bankruptcy carries fifty percent more credit card debt than the median younger filer."

And to top it all off, these folks have little to no savings: Two-thirds of those age 75 or older have absolutely nothing money left in their retirement accounts, and have little hope of finding a decent job to help them make ends meet.

So What Happens When Grandma's Gone?

While those elderly individuals who do file for bankruptcy won't leave behind massive debts, those who remain committed to paying down their bills -- but die before they successfully do so -- can place a burden on their heirs.

Luckily, most kinds of debt cannot legally be transferred to a deceased person's heirs. But that doesn't mean you're entirely immune to Grandma's bills.

Let's take a look at what happens to the major kinds of debt when an elderly relative passes on.

1. Mortgage. A mortgage is a secured loan: Simply put, there is collateral (the property) that guarantees the balance. As such, mortgages are not forgiven when a borrower passes away. They passes on to the deceased's estate. If the estate has enough cash to cover the remaining mortgage balance, it can be used to pay off the loan and the heirs can take ownership of the house. Or, you can assume the mortgage, i.e., put it in your name or leave it in the original owner's name, but continue to pay it normally. Or you can refinance. And of course, there's always the option of selling the house to repay the remaining balance of the loan.

But if the mortgage is upside down, you're not stuck; there are ways to walk away from a bad mortgage left to you by a relative.

2. Car loan. Car loans, too, are a form of secured debt. As such, an heir can, with consent of the lender, assume a car loan, or refinance it. Otherwise, you'll either need to use the estate's cash to pay off the car loan so the heirs can take ownership of the vehicle, or the car will need to be sold to repay the remainder of the debt.

3. Personal loan. Although theses debts are usually unsecured -- i.e., there was no collateral put up against the loan -- they do still pass on to the estate. The executor's primary responsibility is to use the estate's assets to satisfy the deceased's remaining debts. If the assets cannot completely cover all the remaining debts, the executor usually divides up the money, and pays each debtor an equal percentage of what they are owed.

4. Student loan. Federally insured student loans are forgiven upon death. No repayment by heirs is necessary -- simply contact the lender or loan servicer and send them a copy of the death certificate (and possibly wait quite a bit for the paperwork to be complete, with involving the government and all). Unfortunately, private student loan debt is not forgiven and falls to the estate similar to those other loans mentioned above.

5. Credit card. Like personal loans, if there are enough assets remaining in the estate to cover the debt, it must be applied to outstanding credit card debt. If there is no remaining money, the credit card company usually writes off the debt.

Of Course, It's Not Always That Simple

If any of the debt was incurred with a cosigner, the burden of debt typically falls entirely onto the other party who signed the loan.

What's more, different states treat debt differently. Certain states are community property states; in these, any assets accumulated during the duration of a marriage are considered joint assets and, in some cases, so are debts -- regardless of whether both parties signed the loan. Meaning if your estranged -- but not officially divorced -- spouse has an outstanding loan from the time you were married, it could still fall back onto you, regardless of your current relationship with them.

Also, not all of a deceased person's assets become part of the estate. IRAs, 401(k)s, brokerage accounts -- even life insurance payouts -- all pass through, untouched, to the designated beneficiaries. These amounts, therefore, are not taken into consideration when determining whether or not an estate has enough funds to satisfy their debts.

So What Can and Should You Do?

First, if you are the child or grandchild of someone whose finances seem to be in trouble, it's important that you discuss it with them. It's not always easy, but being open, honest, and working together to craft a plan now can save you countless hours of stress later -- and provide your loved one with the assurance that when they pass on, they aren't leaving you with an unpleasant burden.

Second, remind co-signers about any loans they are still listed on. It's also important to go through and update beneficiaries on those accounts that do directly pass through without becoming part of the estate.

Lastly, if you're over the age of 50, think twice about incurring new debt. It should be a last resort, an emergency-only option -- both for your own peace of mind as well as that of your loved ones.

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The ongoing debate surrounding America's looming debt ceiling is big news inside the Beltway and in the press, but for many of us, even the phrase "debt ceiling" sounds too far removed from daily life to be of much interest. But ignoring this latest political battle would be a mistake: How the government handles the nation's debt limit will directly affect our personal finances in all sorts of important ways.

Before we dive into how all this could hit your wallet, here's a quick refresher course on the issue. Like every other country on Earth, America borrows money to pay for its services. But legally, there's a limit to how much money the federal government can borrow. Congress holds the purse strings: If more borrowing is needed, they have to approve it. Every time we've bumped up against that ceiling in the past, the legislative branch has simply increased the nation's credit limit.

Our problem right now is that the United States is only a few billion dollars from reaching its $14.294 trillion debt limit, and our elected officials aren't ready pick the simplest choice, the one that past Congresses have made. This time: There's debate. Should they raise the debt ceiling in order to borrow more money? Or do they hold the line and start either defaulting on our debts or stop paying for other government outlays -- military and civil service salaries, for example? Do they cut federal spending, and if so, to which programs? Or do they raise taxes?

Yes, our taxes are tied to the debt ceiling. As long as our country is under its debt limit, it can easily borrow money by selling Treasury bonds. As Stan Collender, a partner at Qorvis Communications, explains, "given that the government currently only raises taxes to cover 60% of what it spends, being able to borrow means that the services people depend on from the government continue." If America hits its debt ceiling, that option would be off the table. In such a scenario, the government would have to raise taxes to fund the shortfall, cut services, reduce its payroll, or do all three.

An Expensive Gamble on Many Levels

But individual Americans also will be directly affected by this when it comes to our own consumer debt. As noted before, America raises money by selling debt in the from of Treasury bonds, the government's version of an IOU. Someone -- you, me, China, my grandma, China, a college endowment, a hedge fund, China (yes, China buys a lot of them) -- purchases a T-bill, and the American government promises to redeem the bond at some later date, paying the buyer back with a bit of interest.

As long as bond buyers feel confident that America will always be willing and able to repay them, they tolerate low interest rates. Zero risk, small reward. But if the world starts to get nervous about America's ability to repay, the markets will demand a higher interest rate on our bonds before they're willing to buy them -- and because the nation relies on borrowing for cash flow even during good times, if Uncle Sam can't find buyers for those bonds at low rates, it will have to offer higher ones. Because it's our tax dollars that are used to pay that interest, higher interest rates eventually will have to covered by us in the form of higher taxes.

And what might make bond buyers edgy and demanding? The possibility that the government might default -- not pay all of its borrowers back -- which is precisely what could happen if we hit the debt ceiling.

So, America inches toward its debt limit, and bond rates start going up. The interest rates on our car loans, our mortgage loans, our student loans, and our credit cards, to name a few, are tied to bond rates. So if bond rates increase, the interest rates on our personal debt also goes up.

Beware of Falling Dollars

As if increased taxes and higher interest rates isn't bad enough, we could also see an increase in the cost of numerous everyday items, including gas, clothes, electronics, and anything else produced overseas. If the United States starts looking like it can't repay its debts, the value of the American dollar decreases. If the dollar weakens, foreign goods become more expensive.

This is, of course, all speculative at this point.

"We don't know what will happen because this hasn't happened before," says Collender. "But if the debt ceiling isn't raised and the government runs out of cash, at some point the president may decide he has to stop doing certain things, like paying government contractors, for example. That may not sound like such a big deal, but it is if someone in your family, or someone you know, is working for that contractor, or for the supplier of that contractor, or if that contractor is a big employer in your neighborhood or your state."

It also matters because all the parts of our economy are intricately intertwined, like a woven basket where each reed relies upon the next for support. Say the government postpones payments to a contractor. That contractor may decide to hold off on that new ad campaign it had planned to launch. Now, people working in the advertising industry, and maybe the newspapers and television channels that rely on advertising dollars, start to feel the pinch, and so those people decide to start saving more and spending less, in case the economy takes a downturn. Because consumers are now spending less money, stores start seeing a decrease in sales, and respond by reducing employees' hours or even engaging in outright layoffs. And it spirals downward from there.

None of this is very encouraging, which is all the more reason we need to stay alert to how our Congressional representatives handle the debt ceiling issue.

You can learn more about it at the government's TreasuryDirect website, which is surprisingly straightforward and even offers you the opportunity to "make a contribution to reduce the debt." Initially I thought that was funny, as it seems like such a mismatch to ask a single person to toss in a few bucks towards a multitrillion dollar debt. But then I realized it's not such a bad idea. After all, we have to start somewhere.

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WASHINGTON (AP) - U.S. consumers borrowed more in November to buy cars and attend school, but stayed cautious with their credit cards.

The Federal Reserve said Tuesday that consumers increased their borrowing in November by $16 billion from October to a seasonally adjusted record of $2.77 trillion.

Borrowing that covers autos and student loans increased $15.2 billion. A category that measures credit card debt rose just $817 million.

The sharp difference in the borrowing gains illustrates a broader trend that began after the Great Recession. Four years ago, Americans carried $1.03 trillion in credit card debt, an all-time high. In November, that figure was 16.5 percent lower.

At the same time, student loan debt has increased dramatically. The category that includes auto and student loans is 22.8 percent higher than in July 2008. Many Americans who have lost jobs have gone back to school to get training for new careers.

The November increase also reflected further gains in auto sales, which grew 13.4 percent in 2012 to top 14 million units for the first time in five years. The need to replace vehicles destroyed by Superstorm Sandy may have also contributed to the gain.

Consumer spending rebounded in November, helped by lower gas prices and solid job growth that carried over into December. Employers added 155,000 jobs in December and 161,000 in November.

Steady hiring may have encouraged consumers to keep borrowing and spending, despite tense negotiations to resolve the fiscal cliff.

Still, some analysts expect borrowing and spending may have slowed in December as those budget talks in Washington intensified. Congress and the White House didn't reach a deal to avert sharp tax increases until Jan. 1. And they delayed tougher decisions about spending cuts for another two months.

Consumer confidence fell in both November and December, which may slow spending in December. Consumer spending drives roughly 70 percent of economic activity.

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Back in August, the USDA released its annual report on the cost of raising a child. This year's big, scary number? $245,000.

Well, now we have an even bigger, scarier number: $279,000.

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That, according to a new tool produced by Credit.com, is how much you can expect to pay in interest on all the loans you take over the course of your life -- more than a quarter of a million dollars lost in the name of auto loans, credit cards and a mortgage.

That number is based on a host of assumptions. It assumes you'll take out a single 30-year mortgage on an average-priced home, with 20 percent down; that you'll own nine cars in your lifetime and take out auto loans for all of them; and that you'll carry a little over $2,000 in revolving credit card debt. With a fair credit score, the credit card balance will cost you over $13,000 in interest payments, the cars will cost you about $40,000, and the mortgage will run you in the neighborhood of $226,000 in interest.

Naturally, many of those assumptions may not apply to you.

No Car Yet, but a More Expensive House Is Likely

For instance, I live in New York, so I'm not buying a car anytime soon; my best guess is that I'll only wind up buying four new cars over my lifetime. I also studiously avoid carrying a balance on my credit cards, so at least for the moment I don't need to worry about those interest payments. Finally, my credit score is somewhere between good and excellent, so I'll be getting better rates on the loans I do take out.

On the other hand, if I buy a home in New York I'll likely be paying much more than the national average, and much more interest overall, especially if I'm not able to muster much in the way of a down payment.

Since everyone's financial situation is different, the site's "Lifetime Cost of Debt" tool allows you to adjust those assumptions to fit your own reality. If you fill in your credit score range and then adjust variables like the down payment on your home and your average credit card balance, the tool will spit out your own approximate lifetime interest cost. (For what it's worth, my own lifetime estimated cost of debt wound up being above the national average, underlining the outsized role a mortgage plays in the calculation.)

What About Student Loans?

The tool is slickly designed and fairly intuitive, though it does have one notable shortcoming: It doesn't account for student loans. With an average student loan debt load of more than $29,000, that's an extra $11,000 in interest payments to consider (assuming a 10-year repayment and a 6.8 percent interest rate).

Even with that omission, the tool does a great job of putting into perspective something that few Americans have perspective on.

"We tend to think of credit in terms of monthly payments, whether they're affordable," says Credit.com's Gerri Detweiler. "But over a lifetime those costs add up. "

A Poor Score Will Cost You -- a Lot

It also provides some good perspective on the importance of your credit score. A slider lets you see how the lifetime cost of debt changes as you bounce between credit score ranges, and the difference is striking. At a fair credit score, a New Jersey resident will pay about $384,000 for her mortgage, credit card debt and auto loans. But adjust it upwards to "excellent," and the cost drops to $302,000. It's even more striking in the other direction: Move it down to "poor," and the lifetime cost of debt shoots up $486,000. Just going to from fair to poor costs you a cool hundred grand.

If anything, then, using the tool really drives home the importance of understanding how credit scores work. There are a lot of misconceptions about credit scoring out there, from the persistent myth that you need to carry a balance to establish credit to the notion that it takes a financial disaster like bankruptcy to hurt your score. These misunderstandings can cost you thousands.

Credit scoring is complicated, and it's not hard to miss a single payment or get tripped up by some obscure rule. Maybe if more people knew just how much money was on the line, they'd be a little more conscientious about it.

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